Hong Kong toll booth. A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private for which a (or ) is assessed for passage.

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It is a form of typically implemented to help recoup the cost of and. Toll roads have existed in some form since, with tolls levied on passing travellers on foot, wagon or horseback; but their prominence increased with the rise of theand many modern tollways charge fees for exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of, with freight often charged higher rates than.

Tolls are often collected at toll booths, plazas, stations, bars, or gates. Some toll collection points are unmanned and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimise time delay many tolls today are collected by some form of automatic or equipment which communicates electronically with a toll payer's. Some electronic toll roads also maintain a system of toll booths so people without transponders can still pay the toll, but many newer roads now use to charge drivers who use the road without a transponder, and some older toll roads are being upgraded with such systems. Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, and the cost of the toll booth operators—up to about one third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll paying systems help minimise both of these.

Others object to paying 'twice' for the same road: in fuel taxes and with tolls. In addition to toll roads, and are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for future maintenance or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments, not being earmarked for transport facilities. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by central government legislation.

Also schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a tool to try to reduce and. Main article: A 14th-century example (though not for a road) is Castle in the, which was built at a strategic point where two rivers meet. Were charged on boats sailing along the river. The in Scandinavia was once subject to, which once provided a sizable portion of the king's revenue.

Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction, maintenance and as a source of tax money that is paid primarily by someone other than the local residents. In 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, that they interfered with trade and cheap transportation needed to alleviate local famines or shortages.

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Tolls were used in the in the 14th and 15th centuries. 19th Century Industrialisation in Europe needed major improvements to the transport infrastructure which included many new or substantially improved roads, financed from tolls.

The in Britain was built to provide a robust transport link between Britain and Ireland and had a toll house every few miles. 20th century In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels. Was the first European country to charge motorway tolls, on a 50 km motorway section near in 1924. It was followed by, which made users pay for the network of motorways around and between its cities in 1927.

Later in the 1950s and 1960s, France, Spain and started to build motorways largely with the aid of concessions, allowing rapid development of this infrastructure without massive State debts. Since then, road tolls have been introduced in the majority of the Member States.

In the United States, prior to the introduction of the and the large federal grants supplied to states to build it, many states constructed their first by floating backed by toll revenues. Starting with the in 1940, and followed by similar roads in New Jersey ( (1946) and, 1952), New York (, 1954), Massachusetts (, 1957), and others, numerous states throughout the 1950s established major toll roads. With the establishment of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, toll road construction in the U.S. Slowed down considerably, as the federal government now provided the bulk of funding to construct new freeways, and regulations required that such Interstate highways be free from tolls. Many older toll roads were added to the Interstate System under a that allowed tolls to continue to be collected on toll roads that predated the system. Some of these such as the and the later removed their tolls when the initial bonds were paid off.

Many states, however, have maintained the tolling of these roads, however, as a consistent source of revenue. As the Interstate Highway System approached completion during the 1980s, states began constructing toll roads again to provide new controlled-access highways which were not part of the original interstate system funding. Of interconnected toll roads began in 1983, and many states followed over the last two decades of the 20th century adding new toll roads, including the, Colorado's, and. 21st century London, in an effort to reduce traffic within the city, instituted the in 2003, effectively making all roads within the city tolled. In the United States, as states looked for ways to construct new freeways without federal funding again, to raise revenue for continued road maintenance, and to control congestion, new toll road construction saw significant increases during the first two decades of the 21st century. Spurred on by two innovations, the system, and the advent of, many areas of the U.S saw large road building projects in major urban areas. Electronic toll collection, first introduced in the 1980s, reduces operating costs by removing toll collectors from roads.

Tolled express lanes, by which certain lanes of a freeway are designated 'toll only', increases revenue by allowing a free-to-use highway collect revenue by allowing drivers to bypass traffic jams by paying a toll. The system, compatible with many state systems, is the largest ETC system in the U.S., and is used for both fully tolled highways and tolled express lanes.

And the in North Carolina were the first toll roads built without toll booths, with drivers charged via ETC or by optical license plate recognition and are billed by mail. United Kingdom turnpikes. Main article: were established in England and Wales from about 1706 in response to the need for better roads than the few and poorly-maintained tracks then available. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual, with powers to collect road tolls to repay loans for building, improving, and maintaining the principal roads in.

At their peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates. The trusts were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most of the main roads in England and Wales, which were used to distribute agricultural and industrial goods economically. The tolls were a source of revenue for road building and maintenance, paid for by road users and not from general taxation. The turnpike trusts were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new roads, usually only short stretches, were also built. 's road followed from London but was exceptional in creating a largely new route beyond, and especially beyond.

Built in the early 19th century, with many toll booths along its length, most of it is now the. In the modern day, one major toll road is the, relieving traffic congestion on the in Birmingham. A few notable bridges and tunnels continue as toll roads including the, the and bridge. Toll roads elsewhere Some cities in had toll roads in the 19th century. Roads radiating from required users to pay at toll gates along the street (Yonge Street, Bloor Street, Kingston Road) and disappeared after 1895. 19th-century were usually operated as toll roads.

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One of the first U.S. Motor roads, the (which opened on October 10, 1908) was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt II, the great-grandson of. The road was closed in 1938 when it was taken over by the state of New York in lieu of back taxes.

Charging methods. Main article: Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. City) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. Roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts. The different charging concepts are designed to suit different requirements regarding purpose of the charge, charging policy, the network to the charge, tariff class differentiation etc.: Time Based Charges and Access Fees: In a time-based charging regime, a road user has to pay for a given period of time in which they may use the associated infrastructure.

For the practically identical access fees, the user pays for the access to a restricted zone for a period or several days. Motorway and other Infrastructure Tolling: The term tolling is used for charging a well-defined special and comparatively costly infrastructure, like a bridge, a tunnel, a mountain pass, a motorway concession or the whole motorway network of a country. Classically a toll is due when a vehicle passes a tolling station, be it a manual barrier-controlled toll plaza or a free-flow multi-lane station. Distance or Area Charging: In a distance or area charging system concept, vehicles are charged per total distance driven in a defined area. Some toll roads charge a toll in only one direction. Examples include the, and (these all charge tolls city-bound) in, the where the and in crosses the, in the, crossings between and operated by and crossings between New Jersey and operated by.This technique is practical where the is large or the toll differences are small.

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Collection methods. See also: Traditionally tolls were paid by hand at a toll gate. Although payments may still be made in cash, it is more common now to pay by credit card, by pre-paid cardor by an system. In some places, payment is made using stickers which are affixed to the windscreen. Three systems of toll roads exist: open (with mainline barrier toll plazas); closed (with entry/exit tolls) and open road (no toll booths, only gantries at entrances and exits, or at strategic locations on the mainline of the road).

Modern toll roads often use a combination of the three, with various entry and exit tolls supplemented by occasional mainline tolls: for example the and the implement both systems in different sections. On an open toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll. (Not to be confused with 'open road tolling', where no vehicles stop to pay toll.) While this may save money from the lack of need to construct toll booths at every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll plazas (toll barriers).

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It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free. Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this practice, known in the U.S. With a closed system, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway.

In some cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the amount listed for the given exit.

Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists traveling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary.

In addition, with most systems, motorists may pay tolls only with cash and/or change; debit and credit cards are not accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls. The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit chosen. In the United States, for instance, the, most of the, and currently implement closed systems.

The Union Toll Plaza on the was the first ever to use an automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the first quarter collected at its toll booths. The first major deployment of an system in the United States was on the in 1989 by (see ). The Amtech RFID technology used on the Dallas North Tollway was originally developed at Sandia Labs for use in tagging and tracking livestock. In the same year, the active transponder RFID system was introduced across Italy. In the province of, Canada, has no toll booths, and instead reads a transponder mounted on the windshields of each vehicle using the road (the rear licence plates of vehicles lacking a transponder are photographed when they enter and exit the highway). This made the highway the first all-automated toll highway in the world.

A bill is mailed monthly for usage of the 407. Lower charges are levied on frequent 407 users who carry electronic transponders in their vehicles. The approach has not been without controversy: In 2003 the 407 ETR settled a class action with a refund to users.

Throughout most of the East Coast of the United States, (operated under the brand in ) is accepted on almost all toll roads. Similar systems include in, in, in, and in.

The systems use a small radio mounted in or on a customer's vehicle to deduct toll fares from a pre-paid account as the vehicle passes through the toll barrier. This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations. E-ZPass lanes at a Toll Gate for Exit 8A in, United States By designing a tollgate specifically for electronic collection, it is possible to carry out open-road tolling, where the customer does not need to slow at all when passing through the tollgate.

State of is testing a system on a stretch of Texas 121 that has no toll booths. Drivers without a TollTag have their license plate photographed automatically and the registered owner will receive a monthly bill, at a higher rate than those vehicles with TollTags. The first all-electric toll road in the eastern United States, the InterCounty Connector was partially opened to traffic in February 2011, and the final segment was completed in November 2014. The first section of another all-electronic toll road, the, opened at the beginning of 2012 in North Carolina.

Financing and management Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the (BOT) system. Private companies build the roads and are given a limited franchise. Ownership is transferred to the government when the franchise expires. This type of arrangement is prevalent in, and the.

The BOT system is a fairly new concept that is gaining ground in the United States, with, and already building and operating toll roads under this scheme., and are also considering the BOT methodology for future highway projects. The more traditional means of managing toll roads in the United States is through semi-autonomous., and manage their toll roads in this manner. While most of the toll roads in California, Delaware, Florida, Texas, and Virginia are operating under the BOT arrangement, a few of the older toll roads in these states are still operated by public authorities. In France, all toll roads are operated by private companies, and the government takes a part of their profit. Criticism Toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in various ways:.

They require vehicles to stop or slow down (except ); manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs. Collection costs can absorb up to one-third of revenues, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy. Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel 'free' roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness. By tracking the vehicle locations, their drivers are subject to an effectual restriction of their freedom of movement and freedom from excessive surveillance. A number of additional criticisms are also directed at toll roads in general:. Toll roads are a form of; that is, compared to conventional taxes for funding roads, they benefit wealthier citizens more than poor citizens.

If toll roads are owned or managed by private entities, the citizens may lose money overall compared to conventional public funding because the private owners/operators of the toll system will naturally seek to profit from the roads. The managing entities, whether public or private, may not correctly account for the overall social costs, particularly to the poor, when setting pricing and thus may hurt the neediest segments of society.

See also., the practice of avoiding turnpikes. England and Wales. References.